MATRIX OF PLAN B: STANDARD MODEL (EDU)

Professor Dr. Ing, Q You..

Intro Standard Model

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator. Physicists want to use collisions, to learn more about the Universe at the smallest scales and to solve mysteries such as the nature of dark matter.

To understand this a little bit better, this lecture gives a short overview of physics inside the Standard Model. Particle accelerators are constantly creating new matter. Residual energy is the energy needed to create new matter.

Particle accelerators are constantly creating new matter; each ejecting core produces a brief flash of light, much like a phosphorescent screen in a sort of miniature tube. The outcome on the screen of the Hadron Collider (LHC). All matter together possesses enormous amounts of residual energy. The mass is run true in the Large Hadron Collider, which is short but simplifies the regular theory of the Standard Model.

Albert Einstein's intuitive conjecture about energy did not come very soon. He published his thesis on the equivalence of mass and energy at the age of 26 in 1905. Several years before Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the small, heavy nucleus, contained within every atom.

Next, the physicists had to devise methods of weighing individual atoms with the utmost precision, and they had to develop the first "atomic splitting machines," or particle accelerators. In 1932, a young man named John Cockcroft was seen hopping across King's Parade in Cambridge, shouting to his acquaintances, 'We have split the atom. We split the atom.

Cockcroft and Ernest Walton built an electric accelerator for atomic particles, with which they fired protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms, onto a plate of lithium. When a proton hit the nucleus of a lithium atom, it fused with it and split into two helium nuclei. The mass of two helium nuclei together is slightly less than the combined mass of the hydrogen nucleus (the proton) and the lithium nucleus, which gave rise to the helium nuclei. Matter disappeared during this nuclear reaction.

Particle accelerators are constantly creating new matter. Residual energy is the energy needed to create new matter. Albert Einstein's intuitive conjecture about energy did not come very soon. He published his thesis on the equivalence of mass and energy at the age of 26 in 1905. Several years before Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the small heavy nucleus, contained within every atom.

The outcome on the screen of 'The Large Hadron Collider (LHC). All matter together possesses enormous amounts of residual energy. This mass is run true the Large Hadron Collider, short but simplified the regular theory of the Standard model. Particle accelerators are constantly creating new matter, each ejecting core produces a brief flash of light, much like a phosphorescent screen in a sort of miniature tube.

A Brief intro to the Standard Model

The Standard Model of Particle Physics comprises 17 elementary particles, some of which have multiple 'colors" or "flavors'. The particles in this model are able to explain everything we know about physics, except for gravity. There are force-carrying particles called Bosons, matter particles called quarks, and energy-like particles called leptons.

Still, the Standard Model falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions because it does not incorporate the physics of dark energy nor the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity.

The theory does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not correctly account for neutrino oscillations (and their non-zero masses). Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent, it has several apparently unnatural properties, that give rise to puzzles like the strong CP problem and the hierarchy problem.

Leptons, Electrons Muons and tau...

Leptons are a class of particles in particle physics. They are defined by their integer plus 1/2 spin. Also containing three 'generations' of particles, the leptons come in two types: neutrinos and electrons

Lepton Cheat sheet

Lepton is A fundamental constituent particle of energy. Which Includes the three types of electrons and neutrinos.

Quarks Upside Down Strange..

Quarks make up matter particles, specifically the nucleus of an atom. Combining two or more of these quarks creates a greater subatomic particle, like protons, and anti-protons. The 'color charge' used in QCD applies a color to each quark, using color-based logic.

Quark Cheat sheet

Quark - A fundamental constituent particle of matter. Includes six types or flavors: Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top, and Bottom quark.

Sound Cloud morphology in linguistics, morphology (/mɔːrˈfɒlədʒi/) is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Sound cloud morphology.

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguists apply the scientific method to conduct formal studies of speech sounds and gestures, grammatical structures, and meaning across the world's 6,000+ languages.

Most of the physics theory inside the LHC lags behind math. Morphology is the study of the formation of words. Syntax is the study of the formation of sentences. Semantics is the study of meaning. Pragmatics is the study of language use.

What is the language of Math?

The LHC is the biggest and most powerful particle accelerator ever created. It works by accelerating particles and channeling them into beams, then colliding them and observing the results. The Large Hadron Collider, where experiments and being conducted to study dark matter and the Higgs boson.

The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record. After upgrades it reached 6.5 TeV per beam (13 TeV total collision energy). At the end of 2018, it was shut down for three years for further upgrades.

The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. Seven detectors, each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ions: lead–lead collisions and proton–lead collisions are typically performed for one month a year.

The LHC's goal is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson, searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, and other unresolved questions in particle physics.

Bosons gluons photons

Bosons are force carrying particles. Each has a specific type of force it carries, like the strong nuclear force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak nuclear force. Observing Bose-Einstein statistics, they are aptly named Bosons.

Boson Cheat sheet

Boson - A fundamental constituent particle of the forces. Includes the Photon, W particles, Z particle, gluons, and the Higgs boson.

Other Fields of Study

Fermion A fundamental constituent particle of matter that includes all 6 quarks and all 6 leptons

Hadron B composite particle of quarks held together by the strong force (gluons).

Baryon C composite particle of 3 quarks, a type of hadron. Includes the Neutron and Proton.

Meson D composite particle of 2 quarks, one regular and the other an antiparticle, a type of hadron. The J/Psi Meson and the Pion are two examples of Mesons.

Anti-particle - A particle with the same mass but opposite charge as another. For example, the anti-up-quark, or the anti-electron (positron).

QCD - Quantum Chromo Dynamics is a quantum theory that describes how quarks interact using the strong force, mediated by gluons.

QFT - Quantum Field Theory is a theory that describes interactions of quantum particles that is in agreement with relativity. QFT includes particle physics and the Standard Model theories.

QED - Quantum Electro Dynamics is a quantum theory that explains the electromagnetic force and who's predictions agree with both special relativity and quantum mechanics.

Particle Physics - The field of physics dealing with the Standard Model and the particles on it. There are many other fields of study that fall under this category like QCD.

Quantum Mechanics - A category of physics that describes how particles interact at very small distances. Mostly focused on the photon, this can include other fields of study like QED.

The 4 Main Forces

A. Electromagnetism
B. Strong Force
C. Weak Force
D. Gravity

1. A. Electromagnetism

The force that mediates electricity and also magnetism. Includes interactions between electrons. In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge.

It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electricity and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena.

In essence, electric forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge, while magnetism is an interaction that occurs exclusively between moving charged particles.

These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charge particles, which can exert influence on other particles via the Lorentz force. At high energy, the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.

2. B. Strong Force

An 'elastic' force that holds quarks together. Mediated by gluons. Most of the mass of a common proton or neutron is the result of the strong interaction energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton.

At the range of 10−15 m (slightly more than the radius of a nucleon), the strong force is approximately 100 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation.

The strong interaction is observable at two ranges and mediated by two force carriers. On a larger scale (of about 1 to 3 fm), it is the force (carried by mesons) that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom.

On the smaller scale (less than about 0.8 fm, the radius of a nucleon), it is the force (carried by gluons) that holds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles.

3. C. Weak Force

A helper force, responsible for beta decay. The Standard Model of particle physics provides a uniform framework for understanding electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions.

An interaction occurs when two particles (typically, but not necessarily, half-integer spin fermions) exchange integer-spin, force-carrying bosons. The fermions involved in such exchanges can be either elementary (e.g. electrons or quarks) or composite (e.g. protons or neutrons), although at the deepest levels, all weak interactions ultimately are between elementary particles.

In the weak interaction, fermions can exchange three types of force carriers, namely W+, W−, and Z bosons. The masses of these bosons are far greater than the mass of a proton or neutron, which is consistent with the short range of the weak force.

In fact, the force is termed weak because its field strength over any set distance is typically several orders of magnitude less than that of the electromagnetic force, which itself is further orders of magnitude less than the strong nuclear force.

4. D. Gravity

Gravity - The attractive property of matter with other matter. In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight') is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy.

Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong interaction, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times weaker than the weak interaction.

As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the macroscopic scale, and it determines the motion of planets, stars, galaxies, and even light.

Electromagnetism the force that mediates electricity and also magnetism. Includes interactions between electrons. Strong Force An 'elastic' force that holds quarks together. Mediated by gluons. Weak Force A helper force, responsible for beta decay.

In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar of that nuclide.

For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an antineutrino; or, conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron with a neutrino in so-called positron emission.

Neither the beta particle nor its associated (anti-)neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons.

The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay is determined by its nuclear binding energy. The binding energies of all existing nuclides form what is called the nuclear band or valley of stability. For either electron or positron emission to be energetically possible, the energy release (see below) or Q value must be positive.

HOME CERN, Q & W

ORIGIN OF PARTICLE MASS — SITE MENU